Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Genetic Counselors
Carolyn B. Heuer, Arcadia University, Elissa R. Levin, Navigenics, Curtis R. Coughlin, II, Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, and Laura J. Conway, Arcadia University. Genetic testing can identify risks to an individuals health as well as risks to children or other family members. Under the traditional genetic testing model, individuals meet with a genetic counselor or other medical professional to discuss the benefits and limitations of testing before the testing is performed. Results are provided to the medical professional, who then discusses the results and their implications with the patient in order to design a medical management plan. However, marketing of genetic tests directly to the consumer (DTC) by testing companies is becoming increasingly common. In some cases, companies who provide DTC testing do not require the involvement of any health professionals. As the spectrum of available tests becomes more complex, the concern over the lack of oversight of the clinical validity and utility grows. There is a potential conflict in DTC testing between the rights of individuals to control their own health information (autonomy) and the need to ensure individuals understand the test results and receive the proper follow-up health care (beneficence). Because genetic counselors are so often involved in genetic testing, this study investigated genetic counselors attitudes and practices regarding DTC genetic testing.
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Genetic Counselor Beth Crawford provides risk assessment and genetic counseling to cancer patients and their at risk relatives. Explore the signs of heredity cancer and who should consider genetic counseling. Series: UCSF Mini Medical School for the Public [2/2009] [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 15572]
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Ask The Experts About Genetic Counselors Responsibilities
George asks…
Biology questions help?
My teacher gave me this worksheet with 20 questions i got some of the answers but now im lost with these help anyone.
1. Your skin replaces the cells that it is continually losing by using the process of:
transduction
mitosis
meiosis
lysis
——————————————————————————–
2. John and his sister Brittany are high school students in a small town. Their mother Jill is 40 years old and has just learned that she is pregnant with a child. Genetic testing has indicated that the child has Down’s syndrome. Their family doctor has recommended that Jill have an abortion. John and Brittany’s mother and father have called the family together to discuss their options.
Which of the following statements describes how the family should make this decision?
The doctor has more scientific knowledge. The parents should follow the advice of the doctor and have the abortion
The parents should consider the wishes of the mother, since she will carry the greatest responsibility for the child, and do whatever she wants
The parents should consider many aspects of this decision including, religious beliefs, financial burden, the effect on other family members, the mother’s health, the doctor’s recommendation and the life of the unborn child and then make the best decision for everyone
The parents should wait until the baby is ready to be born, then re-do the genetic tests to see if the results have changed
——————————————————————————–
3. A base sequence is shown below.
ACAGTGC
How would the base sequence be coded on mRNA?
TGTCACG
GUGACAU
UGUCACG
CACUGUA
——————————————————————————–
4. How does asexual reproduction help the survival of a species?
Asexual reproduction combines the strong, useful genes of both parents.
Asexual reproduction allows a species to continue to reproduce, thus eliminating harmful characteristics.
Asexual reproduction may result in many offspring with the same strong useful characteristics as the parent.
Asexual reproduction results in fewer offspring and thereby guarantees that their harmful, deadly genes cannot be passed on to the next generation.
——————————————————————————–
5. In 1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer isolated a section of DNA from an African Clawed Toad and inserted it into bacteria. The bacteria started producing toad RNA instead of the bacteria RNA, making Cohen and Boyer the first to produce bacteria genetically for an isolated gene from another species. What is this process of manipulating DNA called?
Translation
Genetic Engineering
DNA replication
Mutation
——————————————————————————–
6. A family with a history of breast cancer has been given an opportunity to have all family members tested for the BRCA2 breast cancer gene. The presence of even a single copy of the detrimental gene indicates a significantly higher risk for a carrier; two copies elevates the risk even higher. One branch of the family (1) wishes to be tested immediately but another (family 2) wishes not to be tested.
What would a genetic counselor say to the families?
There is no chance these families will be affected by the disorder, therefore testing is not necessary
There is no chance these families will be affected by the disorder, but testing will be required by the counselor
There is a chance that one or more family members will be affected, so testing is required
There is a chance that family members will be affected, but testing will be up to the individuals
——————————————————————————–
7. Identical twins and fraternal twins both come from the same egg released by the mother.
True
False
——————————————————————————–
8. In which part of a plant would meiosis occur?
root
stem
leaf
flower
seed
admin answers:
1) This question is asking for how somatic (non-sex) cells reproduce
Transduction = transfer of dna from one cell to another via a virus
Mitosis = Reproduction method for “somatic” cells (non-sex cells)
Meiosis = Reproduction method for sex-cells (sperm / egg)
Lysis = when a cell wall ruptures (followed by cell death)
2) This is a super controversial question…. So in order to answer it, you must provide the most uncontroversial answer which would be the third one:
“The parents should consider many aspects of this decision including, religious beliefs, financial burden, the effect on other family members, the mother’s health, the doctor’s recommendation and the life of the unborn child and then make the best decision for everyone”
The fourth answer is completely wrong because the babies genetic makeup will not change.
3) In RNA, the Adenine bases link up with Uracil but all of the others follow normal linking patterns (C -> G / G -> C / T -> A) so ACAGTGC would turn into UGUCAACG
4) None of the answers make any logical sense except for:
“Asexual reproduction may result in many offspring with the same strong useful characteristics as the parent.”
5)
Translation – This is one of the processes involved in turning a DNA strand into a protein and has nothing to do with your question
Genetic Engineering – This is when humans manipulate (modify) genes (DNA)
DNA replication – This is self-explanatory and has nothing to do with your question
Mutation – This is when something goes wrong in the replication process or some carcinogen alters the DNA makeup and it has nothing to do with your answer as it is a random process.
6) The question states that even one copy of the gene is enough so that means someone might have it since one of the family members has it. This eliminates the first and second answers. There is no law that I am aware of which requires a person to be tested if they are known to be at risk of having a cancer causing gene because it is assumed that the person would be smart enough to go get it checked out (this eliminates answer #3).
7) Identical twins is when one fertilized egg splits into 2 embryos which then come to term as 2 identical individuals. Fraternal twins is when two separate eggs are fertilized by two separate sperm (in other words they are both carried to term at the same time but they are not identical genetically)
Root = mitosis
Stem = mitosis
Leaf = mitosis
Flower = contains the anther and pollen where meiosis would occur
Seed = mitosis (meiosis occurred in the ingredients which made up the egg but from now on mitosis occurs)
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Genetic Counseling India
If you and your partner are newly pregnant, you may be amazed at the number and variety of prenatal tests available to you. Blood tests, urine tests, monthly medical exams, diet questionnaires, and family history tracking — each helps to assess the health of you and your baby, and to predict any potential health risks.
Unlike your parents, you may also have the option of genetic testing. These tests identify the likelihood of passing certain genetic diseases or disorders (those caused by a defect in the genes — the tiny, DNA-containing units of heredity that determine the characteristics and functioning of the entire body) to your children.
Some of the more familiar genetic disorders are : -
Down syndrome Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell disease Tay-Sachs disease (a fatal disease affecting the central nervous system)
spina bifida…
What Is Genetic Counseling ?
Genetic counseling is the process of : -
Evaluating family history and medical records Ordering genetic tests Evaluating the results of this investigation Helping parents understand and reach decisions about what to do next
Genetic tests are done by analyzing small samples of blood or body tissues. They determine whether you, your partner, or your baby carry genes for certain inherited disorders….
What are Genes ?
Humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in pairs in every living cell of our bodies. When the egg and sperm join at conception, half of each chromosomal pair is inherited from each parent. This newly formed combination of chromosomes then copies itself again and again during fetal growth and development, passing identical genetic information to each new cell in the growing fetus.
Current science suggests that human chromosomes carry from 25,000 to 35,000 genes. An error in just one gene (and in some instances, even the alteration of a single piece of DNA) can sometimes be the cause for a serious medical condition….
About Genetic Counselors
Genetic counselors are professionals who have completed a master’s program in medical genetics and counseling skills. They then pass a certification exam administered by the American Board of Genetic Counseling….
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We have a very simple business model that keeps you as the centre.
Having the industry’s most elaborate and exclusive Patient Care and Clinical Coordination teams stationed at each partner hospital, we provide you the smoothest and seamless care ever imagined. With a ratio of one Patient Care Manager to five patients our patient care standards are unmatched across the sub continent.
Welcome to World Class Treatment and Surgery by We Care Health Services, India.
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Contact Center Tel. 
+91) 22 28950588 / (+91) 22 28941902 (24 hrs.)
The surgery and medical treatments offered by We Care Health Services at JCI Accredited / ISO Certified Hospitals are vast and varied; ranging from Heart Surgery in India, Cardiology to Cardio Thoracic surgery, Total Knee / Hip / Ankle / Shoulder Joint Replacement Surgery in India including ACL reconstruction Surgery to Birmingham Hip Resurfacing Surgery in India , Spine Surgery in India like Discectomy / Laminectomy Surgery, Cervical Decompression to Anterior / Posterior Spinal Fusion Surgery in India, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Cancer surgery, Sterotactic Radiotherapy, Autologous / Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant Surgery to Breast Cancer treatments, Near relative Kidney Transplant Surgery to Dialysis and Kidney Biopsy, Low Cost Liver Transplants Surgery, Hysterectomy (Vaginal / Abdominal) to Ovarian Cystectomy, Hernia repair Surgery to Cholecystectomy, Advanced Neurosurgery in India, Bariatric surgery, Gastric Bypass Surgery in India, Eye Surgery in India, Cornea Transplant, Cataract Surgery to LASIK Eye care Surgery, IVF, ICSI, Egg Donor to Surrogacy, Minimally Invasive surgery or Laparoscopic Surgery to Cochlear Implants, Breast Lift / Tummy Tuck, Face Lift to Low Cost Rhinoplasty Cosmetic Surgery, multi specialty Hospitals in India offering first world treatments with board certified highly qualified medical consultants in attendance at third world prices..
Genetic Counseling Abroad At Affordable Cost – Genetic Counseling Cost
Genetic Counseling India
Genetic Counseling
If you and your partner are newly pregnant, you may be amazed at the number and variety of prenatal tests available to you. Blood tests, urine tests, monthly medical exams, diet questionnaires, and family history tracking — each helps to assess the health of you and your baby, and to predict any potential health risks.
Unlike your parents, you may also have the option of genetic testing. These tests identify the likelihood of passing certain genetic diseases or disorders (those caused by a defect in the genes — the tiny, DNA-containing units of heredity that determine the characteristics and functioning of the entire body) to your children.
Some of the more familiar genetic disorders are : -
Down syndrome Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell disease Tay-Sachs disease (a fatal disease affecting the central nervous system)
spina bifida…
What Is Genetic Counseling ?
Genetic counseling is the process of : -
Evaluating family history and medical records Ordering genetic tests Evaluating the results of this investigation Helping parents understand and reach decisions about what to do next
Genetic tests are done by analyzing small samples of blood or body tissues. They determine whether you, your partner, or your baby carry genes for certain inherited disorders….
What are Genes ?
Humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in pairs in every living cell of our bodies. When the egg and sperm join at conception, half of each chromosomal pair is inherited from each parent. This newly formed combination of chromosomes then copies itself again and again during fetal growth and development, passing identical genetic information to each new cell in the growing fetus.
Current science suggests that human chromosomes carry from 25,000 to 35,000 genes. An error in just one gene (and in some instances, even the alteration of a single piece of DNA) can sometimes be the cause for a serious medical condition….
About Genetic Counselors
Genetic counselors are professionals who have completed a master’s program in medical genetics and counseling skills. They then pass a certification exam administered by the American Board of Genetic Counseling….
Please log on to : www.indiahospitaltour.com
Send your query : Get a Quote
We Care Core Values
We have a very simple business model that keeps you as the centre.
Having the industry’s most elaborate and exclusive Patient Care and Clinical Coordination teams stationed at each partner hospital, we provide you the smoothest and seamless care ever imagined. With a ratio of one Patient Care Manager to five patients our patient care standards are unmatched across the sub continent.
Welcome to World Class Treatment and Surgery by We Care Health Services, India.
Contact Us :
www.indiasurgerytour.com ||
E-mail us on : info@indiahospitaltour.com ||
Contact Center Tel. +91) 22 28950588 / (+91) 22 28941902 (24 hrs.)
The surgery and medical treatments offered by We Care Health Services at JCI Accredited / ISO Certified Hospitals are vast and varied; ranging from Heart Surgery abroad, Cardiology to Cardio Thoracic surgery, Total Knee / Hip / Ankle / Shoulder Joint Replacement Surgery abroad in India including ACL reconstruction Surgery to Birmingham Hip Resurfacing Surgery abroad in India , Spine Surgery abroad in India like Discectomy / Laminectomy Surgery, Cervical Decompression to Anterior / Posterior Spinal Fusion Surgery abroad, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Cancer surgery, Sterotactic Radiotherapy, Autologous / Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant Surgery to Breast Cancer treatments, Kidney Transplant Surgery, Low Cost Liver Transplants Surgery, Hysterectomy (Vaginal / Abdominal), Hernia repair Surgery, Advanced Neurosurgery abroad in India, Bariatric surgery, Gastric Bypass Surgery abroad, Eye Surgery abroad, Cornea Transplant, Cataract Surgery to LASIK Eye care Surgery, IVF, ICSI, Egg Donor to Surrogacy, Minimally Invasive surgery or Laparoscopic Surgery to Cochlear Implants, Breast Lift / Tummy Tuck, Face Lift to Low Cost Cosmetic Surgery, multi specialty Hospitals abroad offering first world treatments with board certified highly qualified medical consultants in attendance at third world prices.
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